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Glossary
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- A -
Abatement
Removal of scrap tires from stockpiles or other sites which have accumulations of whole or
size-reduced scrap tires.
Alternative Daily Cover (ADC)
A material used in place of dirt or soil to meet dailycover requirements at municipal
solid waste landfills. The material can be a material normally found in the waste stream
such as properly treated petroleum contaminated soil, or processed/ground sheet rock, or
it may be a material manufactured specifically for daily cover purposes such as reusable
tarps, biodegradable plastic tarps, or spray on products such as foam. ADC must provide
all the functions of the soil it replaces in a daily cover application such as vector
control, dust and litter control, and fire resistance.
Ambient Ground Rubber
Scrap rubber processed at or above ordinary room temperature.
ARCO-ARM-R-SHIELD (Arizona Refining Process)
An asphalt-rubber blend process developed in 1975. The blend is composed of approximately
20% rubber (of which 40% is devulcanized and 60% ground ambient vulcanized) and 80%
AR-4000/8000 with 2-4% Witco extender oil. The granulated rubber has gradings in which 98%
pass the No. 16 mesh and 8% pass the No. 100 mesh. Diluents are not used routinely.
Asphalt-Rubber
Ambient Ground Rubber processing where scrap tire rubber is ground or processed at or
above ordinary room temperature.
Asphalt-Rubber Blend
A blend of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) (finely processed to a No. 16 to No. 30 mesh
gradation) and asphalt cement, which is utilized as the binder in various types of
pavement rehabilitation and construction procedures. The CRM percentage can range from 15
to 26 percent CRM by weight of the asphalt cement depending on the specified application.
The CRM and asphalt cement are blended at elevated temperatures to promote the chemical
and physical bonding of the two constituents. Various petroleum distillates or extender
oils may be added to the blend to reduce viscosity, increase spray-ability and promote
workability. The blend can be used as the binder in chip seals, cape seal applications,
pond linings, or gap and open graded hot mix. When used as a binder in hot mix
applications, the aggregate gradations and the quality of the aggregate need to conform to
industry approved specifications.
Asphalt-Rubber Concrete
Implies the use of an asphalt-rubber binder with gap or open graded aggregate gradations
in a hot mix application.
ASTM
American Society of Testing Materials
Automobile Tires
Tires with an outside diameter less than 66 cm (26 inches) used on automobiles, pickups,
and light trucks.
- B -
Bagel Cut
Cutting a tire in half along its circumference.
Baling
A method of volume reduction whereby tires are compressed into a bundle and banded
together.
Barrel Stack
A means of storage in which tires are stacked flat on top of each other in a vertical
position.
Bead
That part of the tire that is shaped to fit the rim. Made of high tensile steel wires that
are wrapped in woven fabric and held by the plies.
Bead-to-Bead Retreading
The process of buffing a casing to remove the original sidewall, shoulder and tread, and
applying new materials over these surfaces.
Bias Belted Tire
A tire with a bias ply carcass and stiff reinforcing belts
extending from shoulder-to-shoulder (usually about a 36-degree
angle). See Diagram BR
BTU
British Thermal Unit. Tires contain an energy value when used as
fuel. This value is measured in BTU. Buffing Rubber
Buffing Waste
High quality scrap tire rubber which is a byproduct from the
conditioning of tire carcasses (casings) in preparation for
re-treading.
Butyl Rubber
A general purpose synthetic elastomer (rubber) produced by
copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. Butyl
rubber has a high resistance to chemicals and low permeability to
gases. Its permeability to air is 70% better than that of natural
rubber and for this reason is superior for tire tubes and tubeless
tire inner liners.
- C -
Carbon Black
An amorphous form of carbon produced commercially by thermal or
oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons. It is used principally in
rubber goods, pigments, and printer's ink. It is not an inert
filler but enhances and reinforces various properties of rubber.
It is a primary ingredient in the compounding of tires.
Casing
The whole tire generally in a worn state suitable for retreading.
Char
Residue remaining after pyrolysis of a tire and after removal of
the inherent steel and fibers and other inert materials such as
glass, dirt and rocks.
Chipped tire
A classified scrap tire particle that has a basic geometrical
shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08 cm) or smaller and has mot
of the bead wire removed. Also referred to as a tire chip.
Civil Engineering Applications
A form of reusing scrap tires, either whole or shredded, in place
of naturally occuring materials in construction. Some examples
are- as an aggregate replacement in leachate collection systems,
lightweight fill material, crash barriers and reef construction.
Classifier
Any apparatus for separating mixtures of materials into their
constituents according to size and density.
Collection
The act of picking up and moving take-off tires from th location
of their generation to sorting stations or recycling facilities.
Collection Fee
Fee charged to collect and/or haul and/or transport and/or sort
take-off tires or shredded tire material.
Commercial tire
Truck and industrial tires.
Commodity
A commercial material such as ground rubber.
Converted tire
A scrap tire that has been processed into a usable commodity other
than a tire.
Cracker Mill
A machine that tears apart scrap tire rubber by passing the
material between rotating corrugated steel drums, reducing the
rubber to various sizes.
Crumb Rubber
Material derived by reducing scrap tire or other rubber into
uniform granules with the inherent reinforcing materials such as
steel and fiber removed along with any other type of inert
contaminants such as dust, glass or rocks.
Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM)
A general term for scrap tire rubber that is reduced in size and
used as a modifier in asphalt paving materials.
Cryogenically Ground Rubber
Rubber that results from the process of freezing scrap tire or
other rubber and crushing the rubber to the particle size desired.
Cryogenics
A technology for processing materials at very low temperatures. In
processing rubber, liquid nitrogen or commercial refrigeration
methods are commonly used to embritle rubber.
The embrittled rubber is then processed in a hammermill or
granulator to a desired product size.
- D -
Depolymerization
A process that reduces a polymer to individual elements. For
rubber, this reduction permits the blending of these individual
elements with other polymers.
Devulcanization
A process in which crumb rubber is subjected to treatment by heat,
pressure or the addition of softening agents to regenerate the
rubber compound to its original plastic state.
Devulcanized Rubber
Rubber that is a complex macro structure material ant through
vulcanization the sulfur molecules form complex cross linkages
between and within the rubber macromolecular structure.
Discarded tire
A worn or damaged tire that has been removed from a vehicle.
Dry Process
Any method that mixes crumb rubber modifier with aggregate before
the mixture is charged with asphalt binder. This method applies
only to hot-mix asphalt production.
- E -
End Market
An entity that receives processed or unprocessed tire recyclable
material and uses it as a finished product or as raw material for
a manufacturing process.
End user
The facility which utilizes the heat content or other forms of
energy from the combustion of scrap tires (for energy recovery).
The last entity that uses the tire, in whatever form, to make a
product or provide a service with economic value (for other uses).
Energy Recovery
The extraction of the fuel or heat value from whole or processed
tires through incineration.
EPDM
Ethylene Propylene Rubber
Extender Oil
an aromatic oil used to supplement the reaction of the asphalt
cement and the crumb rubber modifier (CRM).
Extruder
A machine for forcing material through a confined opening or die
to produce a desired shape in any length.
Extrusion
A process of mechanically forcing material (such as blended crumb
rubber) through a confined opening to produce film, strip, tubing
or other shapes.
- F -
Fines
Rubber material that passes through a standard size screen on
which coarser fragments are retained.
Flow Control
A legal or economic means that directs the movement of materials
to a specific destination.
Fluff
The textile or reinforcing materials liberated from scrap tires or
other rubber reinforced products during processing for crumb rubber.
- G -
Gasification
Any chemical or heat process used to convert rubber to a gas.
Generator
Any person or business entity who acquires worn or scrap tires
through personal use or in the ordinary course of business.
Granulated Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM)
Cubical, uniformly shaped, cut crumb rubber particles with a low
surface area, which is generally produced by a granulator.
Granulator
A machine that shears apart scrap tire rubber, cutting the rubber
with revolving steel plates that pass at close tolerance, reducing
the rubber to smaller sizes.
Ground Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM)
Irregularly shaped, torn crumb rubber particles with a large
surface area, generally produced by a crackermill.
Ground Rubber
Material that results from processing scrap rubber through various
mechanisms (e.g., crackermill, shredder, granulator).
- H -
Hammermill
A machine that impacts materials against heavy metal hammers
loosely pinned to a shaft which rotates at a high velocity to
reduce scrap tire rubber particle size. Hauler
Heavy-duty tires
Tires weighing more than 40 lb. (18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses,
and off-the-road vehicles in heavy-duty applications. 1 ASTM
International, Designation-D 6700-01, page 1-3.ASTM International
is a not-for-profit organization that provides a global forum for
the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards
for materials, products, systems, and services. Membership of ASTM
International is composed of individuals from 100 nations who are
producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and
academia. Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and
Materials, ASTM International provides standards that are accepted
and used in research and development, product testing, quality
systems, and commercial transactions around the globe.
- I -
- J -
- K -
- L -
Lacing Tires
A method of arranging tires to maximize the use of space. This
method can be used to store tires indoors or outdoors or to
transport tires. See Diagram á Managed Tire Site
Light truck tires
Tires with a rim diameter of 16 to 19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm),
manufactured specifically for light truck use.
Light-duty tires
Tires weighing less than 40 lb. (18.1 kg), used on passenger cars
and light trucks.
- M -
McDonald or Arizona Technology
The preparation of asphalt rubber blends using coarse ground rubber.
Mesh
A term commonly used to describe or measure the size of crumb
rubber. Crumb rubber is sized by the screen through which it
passes in the production process. The finer the screen, the more
openings it will have per linear inch, i.e., 30 mesh means there
are 30 holes or openings per linear inch. The greater number of
openings, the smaller the material must be to pass through the
screen.
Micro Mill
A machine that further reduces crumb rubber to a very fine
particle, at ambient temperatures, using rotating abrasive discs
or other abrasives.
Monofill
A single use landfill or landfill cell used for homogeneous
material storage.
- N -
Nominal Size
A term used to describe size for purposes of general
identification; the actual size of a part will be approximately
the same as the nominal size, but need not be exactly the same.
NR
Natural Rubber ~Particulate Rubber
- O -
Off the road tire (OTR)
Tire designed primarily for use on unpaved roads or where no roads
exist, built for ruggedness and traction rather than for speed.
- P -
Passenger car tire
A tire less than an 18in. (45.7 cm), rim diameter for use on
carsonly.
Passenger tire equivalent (PTE)
A measurement of mixed passenger and truck tires, where five
passenger tires are equal to one truck tire.
PLUSRIDE
A patented form of rubber modified asphaltic mix. The product
was developed in 1960 in Sweden and patented under the name
PlusRide in the United States and Rubit in Sweden. It uses coarse
rubber particles (6mm to 0.6mm ûor- 1/4" to 1/16") as
rubber-filled aggregates, generally about 3% weight of mix.
The rubber is added directly to a gap-graded aggregate so that
a relatively dense grading between the aggregate and rubber is
obtained.
Post Consumer Scrap
Scrap materials, normally source-separated, that no longer have
value for which they were originally intended, but can have
potential reuse value as a raw material in new product
applications.
Powdered Rubber
Rubber comprised of finely dispersed particles, less than 40 mesh
(425 microns) in size, that are generally characterized as light,
dry and having very high surface areas. ASTM D11 defines powdered
rubber as being composed mainly of non-spherical particles that
have a maximum particle dimension equal of below 40 mesh (425
microns).
Processed tire
A scrap tire that has been altered, converted, or size reduced.
PTE (Passenger Tire Equivalent)
A conversion measurement where five passenger tires at 20 pounds
each is equivalent to one truck tire at 100 pounds.
Pulverized Rubber
Material that has been crushed, pounded or ground to smaller
particles. Pyrolysis The thermal decomposition of rubber in the
absence of oxygen to chemically break the tire into its original
components of oil, gas and char.
- Q -
- R -
Radial Tire
A tire construction in which the body ply cords are placed
straight across the tire from bead to bead; the belt plies run
nearly circumferentially around the tire, under the tread, and
constrict the radial ply cords. See Diagram
Reaction
The interaction between asphalt cement and crumb rubber modifier
(CRM) when blended together at a certain temperature for a certain
period of time. The reaction, more appropriately defined as
polymer swell, is not a chemical reaction. It is the absorption
of aromatic oils from the asphalt cement into the polymer chains
of the crumb rubber.
Reclaim or Reclaimed Rubber
The product resulting from treatment of ground vulcanized scrap
rubber tires, tubes and miscellaneous scrap rubber by the
application of heat and chemical agents, followed by intense
mechanical working. A substantial "devulcanization" or
regeneration of the rubber to its original state is achieved,
thus permitting the material to be compounded, processed and
revulcanized.
Recycled Rubber
Any rubber material derived from processing scrap tires or other
rubber products. Remanufactured Tire
Recycled Tire Rubber
Rubber obtained by processing used automobile, truck or bus tires.
Recycling
The series of activities by which take-off tires are collected,
sorted, processed and converted into raw materials and used in the
production of new products
(e.g., rubberized asphalt)
Repaired Tire
Any tire with punctures, cuts or other types of injuries that have
been reconditioned to restore strength and flexibility for
additional vehicle service.
Resource Recovery
A general term used to describe the extraction of usable materials
or energy from discarded products. Methods include- Conversion
Retreadability
Ability of the tire casing to be retreaded and provide acceptable
performance.
Retreaded Tire
A casing to which a new tread has been affixed to extend the
usable life of the tire.
Rubber Aggregate
Crumb rubber modifier (CRM) added to the hot asphalt mixture
using the dry process.
Rubber Modified Asphalt
A general term used to identify the incorporation of scrap tire
rubber into asphalt paving materials.
Rubberized Asphalt
8 asphalt cement modified with crumb rubber modifier (CRM) at less
that 15 percent by total weight of the asphalt cement.
Rubber-Modified Asphalt Concrete
A hot mix asphalt concrete mixture with dense graded aggregates a
rubberized asphalt type of binder. (Note- The CRM percentage is
generally low (5 to 10%) and generally finer mesh (30 mesh or
lower).is
Rubber-Modified Hot-Mix Asphalt
A hot-mix asphalt mixture that incorporates the crumb rubber
modifier (CRM) primarily as rubber aggregate. Also known as the
"dry process".
- S -
SAM
The abbreviation for a Stress Absorbing Membrane. A SAM is used
primarily to mitigate reflective cracking of an existing
distressed asphalt or rigid pavement. It is usually associated
with an asphalt-rubber binder sprayed on an existing pavement
surface at .60 gallons per square yard (?05 gallons per square
yard) and immediately followed by an application of a uniform
pre-coated aggregate, which is then rolled and the aggregate is
embedded into the binder layer. The nominal thickness normally
ranges between 6 and 9mm (1/4 and 3/8 inch).
SAMI
The abbreviation for a Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer. A
SAMI is the same as aSAM but is applied prior to an asphalt
concrete overlay. This overlay may or may not contain crumb rubber
modifier (CRM).Shredding
SBR
Styrene-butadiene Rubber
Scrap Tire
A tire which can no longer be used for its original purpose, due
to wear or damage, but can be recovered whole or in part through
reuse, recycling, conversion or transformation.
Scrap tire processing
Any method of size reducing whole scrap tires to facilitate
recycling, energy recovery or disposal.
Screen
A large sieve of suitably mounted wire cloth, grate bars or
perforated sheet iron used to separate materials by size.
Shear Shredder
A type of shredder which has two counter-rotating shafts fitted
with cutting discs or knives with hooks and spacers that intermesh
and overlap.
Shredded rubber
Pieces of scrap tires resulting from mechanical processing.
Shredded tire
A size reduced scrap tire. The reduction in size was accomplished
by amechanical processing device, commonly referred to as a
shredder.
SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program)
In 1987, the SHRP began developing a new system for specifying
asphalt materials. The final product of the SHRP asphalt research
program is a new system referred to as Superpave, which stands for
Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements. Sieving
Stress Absorbing Membrane
A surface treatment (membrane) using an asphalt-rubber spray
application and cover aggregate. Same as a SAM.
Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer
A surface treatment (membrane) generally associated with an
asphalt-rubber spray application and cover aggregate, designed to
resist the stress and strain of reflective cracking and delay the
propagation of the cracks through a new overlay. Same as a SAMI.
Supplemental fuel
A combustible material that displaces a portion of traditional
fuelsource. It refers to the product being used in conjunction
with another conventional fuel but typically not as a sole fuel
supply.
- T -
Take-Off Tire
A tire which has been removed from a vehicle and retained for
reuse or recycling by qualified tire processors.
Tipping Fee
A fee charged by the operator of a tire processing, recycling,
energy recovery or disposal facility to accept scrap tires -
either whole or shredded - delivered to these locations.
Tire Composition
This may be defined as follows- a new, original equipment (OE)
passenger tire weighs an average of 19 pounds and a new OE
truck/bus tire weighs 130 pounds. The weight percent of the
respective tire components can be broken down for average
passenger and truck/bus OE tires as follows--
MaterialáPassengeráTruck/Bus, Polymer-44%ááá43%,Additives-
42%ááá37%,Bead Wire- 3%ááá1%,Steel Cord- 8%ááá13%,Bead Wire
3%ááá6%,Av. Tread Wt. 32%ááá25%
Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)
A fuel derived from scrap tires of all kinds. This may include
whole tires or tires processed into uniform, flowable pieces
which satisfy the specifications of the end-user for fuel.
Tire Derived Material (TDM)
Any rubber, steel or fabric material derived from processing tires
or rubber products. These materials are found in a variety of
sizes, shapes and forms. Tire Recycling
Tire Shred
A term used to define randomly ripped, torn or cut tire pieces
which have no uniformity.
Tire Shredder
A mechanical device used to reduce tire materials into smaller
pieces. The pieces are usually irregularly shaped.
Tire-derived fuel (TDF)
The end product of a process that converts whole scrap tires into
a specific chipped form. This specified product then would be
capable of being used as fuel.
Tread Peels
Strips of tire tread rubber or "peelings" which are removed during
processing.
Tread Rubber
Rubber that consists primarily of tread rubber with less than 5
percent sidewall material (approximately).
Trommel
A revolving cylindrical screen used for separating mixtures or
materials into their constituents according to size and density.
Also referred to as a trommel screen. Transporter
Truck Tires
Tires with an outside diameter greater that 66 cm (26 inches) and
less that 152 cm (60 inches); used on commercial trucks and buses.
- U -
Used Passenger Tire
A take-off tire that retains a minimum 3/32 inch tread depth in
its most worn groove and can be safely returned to its original
purpose after inspection or proper repair. á Waste Tire
Used tire
A tire removed from a vehicleÆs rim, which cannot be described
legally as new, but which is structurally intact and has a tread
depth greater than the legal limit. This tire can be remounted
onto another vehicleÆs rim without repair.
- V -
Vulcanized Rubber
Rubber that has gone through the vulcanization process. This is a
process by which an agent, such as sulfur, is added to rubber in
the manufacturing process to give the product certain required
characteristics, such as strength, hardness and elasticity. Rubber
is a complex macro molecular structured material and through
vulcanization the sulfur molecules form complex cross linkages
between and within the rubber macromolecular structure.
- W -
Waste tire
A tire that is no longer capable of being used for its original
purpose, but has been disposed of in such a manner that it can not
be used for any other purpose.
Wet Process
Any method that blends crumb rubber modifier with an asphalt
cement before incorporating the binder.
Whole tire
A scrap tire that has been removed from a rim, but has not been
processed.
Whole Tire Rubber
Rubber that includes tread and sidewalls in portions that
approximate the respective weights in an average tire.
- X -
- Y -
- Z -
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